Optimization of Embedded Retaining Walls Under the Effects of Groundwater Seepage Using a Reliability-Based and Partial Factor Design Approach

In this paper, a comparative analysis of the effects of groundwater, seepage and hydraulic heave on the optimal design kimono of embedded retaining walls is carried out.The optimization model for an optimal retaining wall (ORW) minimizes the total length of the retaining wall considering design constraints.The model is extended to include the proba

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